Will the first human surgical implant of a fully functional, lab-grown complex organ (e.g., liver, heart, kidney) occur before 2030?

The Complexity Hurdle

While simpler organs (like bladders and tracheas) have been successfully implanted, and complex organoids for the heart and kidney have shown function in animal models (Source 4.1), scaling these to a full, functional human organ is immensely difficult. The technical challenges include vascularization (creating functional blood vessel networks) and long-term viability. The evenly split 'Yes'/'No' vote reflects this: the speed of current progress in bioprinting and stem cell differentiation ('Yes') is balanced against the complexity of the final surgical implant and regulatory approval ('No'). For the 'Yes' side to be correct, a key breakthrough in **vascularization and scaffold creation** must occur rapidly to allow the first **full, functional organ implant before 2030**.