Will an EV charging standard *other than* Tesla's NACS or the current CCS be officially adopted as the EU's primary mandated public charging standard before the end of 2028?

EU Charging Standard: Neither CCS nor NACS by 2028

This prediction requires the EU to officially mandate a new charging standard (excluding CCS and NACS) as its primary public standard before 2028. Currently, the EU mandates **CCS Type 2** as the standard, and while NACS is gaining traction in North America, it has not been mandated by the EU.

The Stability of CCS Type 2

The high **'No'** vote is overwhelming. The EU has invested vast political and financial capital into mandating and rolling out the CCS Type 2 standard, and major European automakers are heavily committed to it. While Tesla's NACS may gain acceptance in Europe, it is highly unlikely to *displace* the established standard, let alone see the EU adopt a completely *new* and different standard (Source: ACEA, European Commission). The costs and disruption would be prohibitive, making the continuity of CCS Type 2 the near-certain outcome for the foreseeable future.